Citing (reference within text) and Referencing is essential within academic work as it allows the reader to ensure that your work has been taken from reliable sources and that your information is correct. Therefore without referencing you could write whatever you liked without having to show where you got you information. This can then lead to accusations of plagiarism (using someone's words, ideas and thoughts without giving them credit). For help with avoiding plagiarism click here...

Referencing has many structured forms and different insitutions prefer different types, therefore it is essential to check what type of referencing is wanted for your work. For the examples that will follow, the referencing type, Harvard will be utilised.

Whatever source you use within your text to get information, whether it be; book, journal, website, newspaper article, etc,
must be cited within the text. The following examples will highlight citing with text from varied sources:

Citing Within Text

You can use the authors name in the text and place in brackets the year of publication after their name
For example;
Morgan (1997) suggested that...

However sometimes this is not appropriate and may ruin the flow of text therefore you would place in brackets both the authors name and the year seperating them with a comma
For example;
A recent study (Smith, 2003) found  OR In a recent study it was found... (Smith, 2003)

If there is two authors then you can place both of the authors names in the text and then place the year of publication within brackets and the names should be separated with the word 'and'
For example;
Harris and Jones (2001) have commented on....

However if there are two authors and they are remaining out of text the authors names and the year of publication must be placed in brackets and will be seperated by a comma, also the names are to be seperated with the symbol '&'
For example;
(Harris & Jones, 2001)

If there is more that two authors then you are initially required to document all the authors within your citation. However this only needs to be completed within the first occasion after which you can use 'et al.' after the name of the first author.
For example;
It can be said that alcohol gel can only be used on socially clean hands (Hughes, Bently, Sharpe, Smith, 2007)
If you are not cleaning your hands efficently then you run the risk of cross contamination (Hughes, et al., 2007)

If the author is unknown then use the word 'Anon', however be very wary of unauthorised work
For example;
It has been observed (Anon, 2001) that...

If an author has published more than one source within the same year and you are wanting to use both sources within your text then you can use 'a' and 'b' etc to highlight a difference
For example;
In his first article Grayson (1997a) indicates... however Grayson (1997b) argues further that...

In newspaper articles or websites, if there is no author, use the name of the newspaper and include the page number, or if it is a website without an author then use the website host. Be wary of using unauthorised work
For example;
A recent study described ... (The Herald, 2003, p4)
The website Theatre Voice (2003) suggests that...

If you are using a source that refers to another source within its text and it is this information that you are using then you would have to cite both sources
For example;
Freud (1888, cited in Smith, 2000)

If you are QUOTING from a source that has been written within another text, then you need to cite both sources and also the actual page number that you got the information
For example;
Porter (1997, cited in Freely, 2001, p12)

If you are citing from a journal then you would use the authors name and date of publication
For example;
(Murphy, 2001)